中新网评：美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后，美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕，众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录，将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图：美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄
由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素，众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中，美国民主党议员继续抱团，多轮投票中，一票不投麦卡锡，共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折，除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外，与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面，共和党党内反对者认为，麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱，无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府，另一方面，因为共和党的多数优势微弱，党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大，有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外，党内反对者也认为，自己的选票没有换取更多利益，希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步，比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物，众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任，选举几乎没有悬念。然而，麦卡锡此次为当选，不得不做出多个关键让步，其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制，使得众议长的权力被削弱，难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称，麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步，这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下，党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上，美国两党相互拆台，陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内，也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系，相互对抗，选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举，“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈，长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力，其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病，美国所谓的“民主”形象，让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举，变成了政客们利益置换的游戏，进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能，不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
治理APP广告“乱跳转” 就该有“硬标准”******
□吴睿鸫
“手机APP开屏广告，‘摇一摇’就‘乱跳转’”“走着路打开软件，手机不小心晃一下就自动跳转”……如今，APP“摇一摇”功能日益普及，增强了使用的便捷性，但部分应用出现“乱跳转”现象，给用户带来了困扰。近期，在工信部指导下，中国信通院、电信终端产业协会联合多家行业重点企业制定并发布实施相关标准，以规范“乱跳转”问题，切实保护用户合法权益。(2月1日《人民日报》)
久被诟病的“弹窗广告”，在相关职能部门进行多轮整治后，已有所收敛，可“摇一摇”式开屏广告又冒了出来。稍有摇晃，手机就会自动进入广告详情页面、跳转打开广告相关软件甚至直接进入软件下载页面，给消费者带来新的困扰与烦恼。
对于APP广告“乱跳转”现象，江苏省消保委曾发起过关于《APP开屏广告“摇一摇”，你怎么看？》的投票，结果显示91%的消费者表示曾遇到过“摇一摇”等类似形式开屏广告，92%的消费者表示了厌恶。这意味着，这类APP广告“乱跳转”已影响到了公众的日常生活。
《中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法》明确规定，消费者享有自主选择商品或者服务的权利；经营者未经消费者同意或者请求，或者消费者明确表示拒绝的，不得向其发送商业性信息。《互联网广告管理暂行办法》中也规定，不得以欺骗方式诱使用户点击广告内容。而“摇一摇”就“乱跳转”式开屏广告，在某种程度上变相强制手机使用者接受广告推送、下载APP，损害了用户的知情权与选择权，是在公然侵犯消费者的合法权益。
更为重要的是，这些App通过“摇一摇”实现进入广告，调取了手机的传感数据，而这些数据的获取，并未取得消费者同意与授权，这不仅有悖个人信息保护相关法律法规，而且也给消费者个人数据安全带来极大的潜在隐患。
令人欣慰的是，工信部开始联合多部门，对APP广告“乱跳转”进行有效整治，出台了三项“货真价实”的“硬标准”：一，强化明示告知义务。向用户清晰明示要执行或触发的交互动作及结果预期。二，细化参数设置参值。将“摇一摇”动作的设备加速度设置为不小于15米每平方秒，转动角度不小于35度，操作时间不少于3秒，来确保APP在走路、乘车、拾起放下终端设备等日常生活场景中，不会出现误触发而跳转的情况。三，保障用户选择权。未经用户主动选择同意，不得强迫下载、安装、打开APP，不得使用欺骗误导用户的图片、文字和链接进行页面跳转或使用第三方APP。
可以预见，通过工信部、市场监管总局、中国信通院等部门协同配合，持续发力，久久为功，把制度标准真正落实到位，将能更好地维护消费者的合法权益，给消费者营造良好的信息消费氛围。
